Different Types of Documents Produced in a Business Environment Essay

The different formats in which text may be presented are font typefaces, headings, font size, effects (bold, italics, underlined), colours and text boxes. We can format text in paragraphs, tables and columns. We can add bullet points, headers and footers. We can also add tables, graphs, diagrams and flowcharts as a clear way to represent data and processes. 1. 3 Explain the purpose and benefits of producing high quality and attractive documents The documents you produce for your organisation are an image of representation of your organisation. So it creates an impression on the reader about the standards of the organisation. A good quality document that looks good to the audience can gain more customers and increase the company’s reputation. The quality of your documents is a reflection on you. 2. 3 Describe different types of technology available for inputting, formatting, and editing text and their main features A keyboard and mouse would be the main technology to insert text into a computer. When using a keyboard you press the specific key for each character that needs inputting, and this is transferred on to the computer screen, in a word processing program. A mouse helps you navigate on the computer screen to select the programs to select the programs to open and view and type the text. Another form of inputting could be copying and pasting information from the internet or another document. You could even use a scanner to input text and transfer documents into the computer. Within the Microsoft Word package, you have the following tools to format the text to make it look high quality: -WordArt: this includes effects such as shadows, outlines, colours, gradients, and 3D effects that can be added to a word or phrase. WordArt can also bend, stretch, rotate, or modify the shape of the text. -Page layout: the arrangement of text, images and other objects on a page. -Columns: this is a vertical division of text on a page, usually found in the layout of booklets, newspapers, magazines and leaflets. -Paragraphs: usually a distinct, short section on a document/ piece of writing, usually with a single theme. -Headers and footers: A header or footer is text or graphics that is usually printed at the top or bottom of every page in a document. A header is printed in the top margin; a footer is printed in the bottom margin. The types of technology that are available to edit text are: -Spell check: a computer program that identifies possible misspellings in a block of text by comparing the text with a database of the correct spellings. -Grammar check: this is a tool on Microsoft programs that gives you helpful hints to improve your sentence structure. -Find and replace: this is a function that allows you to search for a particular word in a document and replace it if you need to rename more than one word. 3. Explain the benefits of agreeing the purpose, content, style and deadlines for producing documents. The audience of a document is the group of people for who it is written for. Therefore, documents should be designed to meet the needs of the expected audience. You need to know the purpose of the document so you know what and how to produce it, for example, if it is advertising for young people you would want it to be eye catching and in a style that will appeal to them. It is important to agree the content so you can obtain the information, plan and organise the layout. Deadlines are important so you can plan other work around it and complete the document on time. 3. 2 Outline different ways of organising content for documents. To organise the content you require for a document, you first need to find out how the document is to be presented and the information that is to be included. But ways you could organise content could be: -Bullet points -Alphabetical ordering -Chronological order -Headings -Text -Graphs -Text boxes You should then store all the information needed safely and with clear file names. 3. Outline ways of integrating and laying out text and non-text. Text and non – text can be integrated easily with Microsoft Word or Publisher. There are many ways of laying out a document, using columns, graphics, and blocks of text, headings, background colours, images and white space and wrap text around; which helps you to work around with its different features to get a consistent format. Also there are other office applications that help with integrating and laying out text and non-text, for example, Excel and PowerPoint, help with integrating text and non-text in spread sheets and slides. Many organisations use a logo on all their printed materials and their documents often have a very specific style. This will be achieved by always using the same fonts, font sizes, text and page colours and page layout. 3. 4 Describe ways of checking finished documents for accuracy – including spelling, grammar and punctuation – and correctness, and the purpose of doing so. When you have finished creating a document, you should review and check it thoroughly before sending or printing the document. Word documents have a spell check function, however even using spell check might not be completely accurate, therefore using a grammar check on the document as well, will be more beneficial. After doing the spell and grammar checks, you could ask another colleague to proof read your work – having a proof reader can help highlight problems as they are a fresh set of eyes that have not read the document. Re-reading the documents several days after completing, may refresh your mind to notice any corrections and adjustments. It is beneficial to compare the final version with original notes and rough drafts. All of these checks are to ensure that your document that you want to make is fit for purpose and correct before showing to a senior member of staff or production of the document. 3. 5 Explain the purpose of storing documents safely and securely, and ways of doing so. Any document with any sensitive information should always be stored safely; electronically or physically. For example, -A filing cabinet which can be locked, as it may be required for future use/reference. Storing confidential documents electronically should always be stored with password protection, on a safe and secure operating system. -Locking your computer if you’re leaving your desk, even if it is for just a few minutes. -Being aware who is around you or your desk when dealing with documents with confidential information on. 3. 6 Explain the purpose of confidentiality and data protection when preparing documents. Any form of personal information held about a person within a company is protected under the Data Protection Act; this means all data should be kept confidential. This is significant to ensure nobody will be able to get the data and pass the information on. Confidentiality is very important when preparing documents, because Oxfordshire County Council is involved with a lot of personal data: †¢Full names †¢Contact details (addresses and phone numbers) †¢Records When preparing documents we need to be aware of what we are including in the document, for example if you are adding a photograph, do you have the right permission to use it? As a company, in order to protect the users and the owner, confidentiality must be observed. 3. Explain the purpose and benefits of meeting deadlines. If deadlines are valued and meeting those deadlines is enforced, expectations are consistent. It is important that you produce your work to the best possible standard in order to meet the requirements of the person setting the task. This will show you are responsible and trustworthy and you can be relied upon to get things completed. You may not know who else might be waiting for your work; it could have to be passed on to someone else. This may cause problems and delays in the workplace and could affect team relationships.

Economic Impact of Deer and Wildlife Hunting Essay

Hunting is catching of animals in the bush either for meat and other animal products or as a recreational activity Hunting is a very old profession dating back to millions of years back when man solely depended on hunting and gathering for provision of and other animal products. Animals hunted in a particular region depended on several factors such as availability, purpose, size of the animal, technology, environment among others. Vast lands of Texas provide good habitat for different species of animal to survive. The most common animals are: deer, hare, kangaroo among others. Hunting is still a popular activity in most parts of the world attracting million of hunters who either venture in to it as an economic activity or as sportsmen and women. With advancement of technology hunting techniques have improved as hunters, together with using the old age skills, modern equipment such as binoculars come in handy making this activity more fun and productive. Dog as hunting tool is still much in use though not into greater extent as it was used in olden days due to restriction by laws in some states. American hunters just like their early counterparts us this animal in their quest to take home a trophy. Current American hunters spend on annual basis whooping 700 million dollars to buy hunting dogs showing that man’s best friend just as it was important in early day it is still a valuable companion to man in his quest to conquer the bush. Bows and arrow have been modified to suit the modern times becoming one of the best hunting equipment for those who would like to flex their muscles. Deer hunting is an old time activity which dates back to 7000B. C. when people in North Eastern America largely relied on deer meat nuts and grain for subsistence. Hunting was then a major economic activity a position it still occupies hitherto though its importance has been curtailed by modernization. There are several kinds of deer that are hunted in different parts of the world. They include: white-tailed deer, mule deer, reindeer also known as caribou which is very common in Alaska, chinesewater deer among others. Hunting is a big time business pumping billions of dollars in to United States of America economy. Its effect is felt in the central business district of New York to the small hamlet in Alabama. Its benefits enjoyed by a toddler who is crawling in the backstreets of Oklahoma City and a war veteran enjoying his sunset years looking after his herd of bulls in Texas. Hunting generated billions ripple effect is felt by the grocer in Mississippi to a chain hotel owner in Los Angeles. These billions are derived from various activities directly or indirectly related to hunting . From Texas to pennsylavania, Illnois, Kansas, Missouri, Wisconsin, Newyork, Kentucky, Alabama, Minnesota among other states hunting is a household name which cut across races, ages and social classes. Million of hunters pound on animals in the bush in different parts of America taking home their catch and on the other hand spend a fortune helping in way to drive the United States economy. Hunting is a multi billion industry whose economic impact in state economies can not be under estimated. It has an immense impact that is almost comparable to soft drink manufacturers Pepsi and Coca cola companies’ contribution to the United State economy in terms of employment opportunities, tax generated among other benefits (Hammitt, W. E. ,et al,1990). This industry attracts people from all walks of lives; different cultures and races. People from all political social classes harmoniously pursue the same game in the bush . There are no limitations making hunting one of the most liked activity where business are pleasure share a sentence. Hunting is such a popular activity where people from the majority ages are involved allowing even the young to participate towards nation building. Children as young as 16 years are considered old enough to engage in this enjoyable activity. There are estimated 40 million hunters countrywide. These hunters are both sportsmen and hunters for the sake of hunting. These hunters spent a fortune, for example in 2006 hunter spent a whooping 75 billion dollars and supported close to 2 million jobs in the entire United States. These types of figures can only be ignored by any state at its own peril. They are types of figures that would make a state governor to urgently call for a stakeholders meeting to map up ways of improve hunting as industry. They are enough to finance annual budgets of many of third world countries, enough to pay thousands of soldiers currently serving in overseas mission and many other government expenses that go along in putting United States in the limelight. For hunter to successfully venture in the bush there are dozen of equipments required to help them accomplish their mission. These equipments include: boots, coumaflage jackets, hunting knives, binoculars, bows, arrows, rifles, spotting scopes e. t. c Going by the numbers in 2006 it means retailers stocking the above equipment made billions in terms of sales of hunters gear. Manufacturers and distributors of these hunting gears are ensured of interrupted growth of their business due to increasing demand of their merchandise. According to a report from the International Association of Fishing and wildlife agencies in 2001 total retail sales generated were in tune of over 10 billions dollars. From these figures it is evident that hunting as an industry not only guarantees income to manufacturers and distributors of these equipments but also puts bread and butter on the tables of their employees therefore putting million of Americans in the payroll ensuring household incomes are raised, increasing the purchasing power of millions of Americans whose spend on holidays, education, healthcare and many other needs distributing hunters loot to all sectors of the economy. Among the industries that benefit from hunting of deer and big game are tourism, manufacturing, agriculture, tansport, and the list is endless (http://woolleyshooting. com/Articles/economics. html). Hunting contributes enormously to the growth of tourism industry industry. Hotels in different parts of United States are at one time fully booked especially during hunting seasons. Since hunters travel to town which are far away from their areas of residence accommodation comes in hand. Hunting is an activity that can take days so the hunters leave prepared to spend some nights away, it’s like a get away experience. Those who take it as sporting activity take some days away from their busy schedules to replenish their energy and relax . They come back rejuvenated meaning they put more energy in their nation building after a get away enjoying their favorite sporting activity-hunting. During their hunting expeditions hunters spend several days in hotel, this signifies a boom for hoteliers, their revenue rise, as multiplier effect farmers supplying these hotels are ensured of a ready market of their produce, hotel employees are sure to receive their paychecks while other suppliers to these hotels are guaranteed of orders (Adams, J. 000). There are other hunters who chose to make their own arrangement, they rely on Travel Company utilizing the services of agents who organize their travel arrangement. Tour guide come in handy as hunters need all the nitty gritty on hunting Transport industry also takes a share from this bush activity. Its share comes from different activities. Million of hunters travel to different areas meaning fuel consumption rises. Gas stations benefit from hunters who pass by their business premises to refill their tanks on their way for a hunting expedition. Automobiles sales also shoot as hunters require specialized vehicles during their mission making vehicle dealers smile all the way to the bank (Brown, P. J et al,1982). Those who chose to use public means of transport and tour companies also oil the pockets of transporters as they purchase plane, bus and train tickets to enable them travel to various destination. Hunter’s dollars contributes towards growth of automobile industry. Those who can afford charter planes to various ranches in states like Nevada and New Hampshire Aeroplane owners charge some fees for hiring these aircrafts and use some of it to pay their employees who on the other hand spend their salaries and wages to buy food and other necessities creating a ripple effect in the economy. Federal and state tax agencies are other beneficiaries of hunting loot. For one to be allowed to hunt it’s a requirement to obtain a hunting license. Different states charge a fee to issue this document . Every year millions of hunters apply for this license paying a handsome amount to tax agencies. Manufactures of hunting gears pay excise duty and other forms of taxes to the agencies. Employees of these companies pay income taxes to state tax agencies as is mandatory to honor tax obligations. All other businesses and individuals who deal with merchandise or services which are directly indirectly related to hunting pay one or more form of tax to their governments. Governments use this revenue to finance their activities. It finances construction of highways, brigdes, railway lines airports and other type of infrastructure which not only benefit the hunters but all-Americans citizens at large (Adams, J. 2000). It is estimated that government collects on average 2. 5 billion dollars annually in form of taxes generated from hunting related activities.. Millions of jobs are created in this multi billion dollars industry either directly or indirectly. In the year 2006 alone hunting supported close to 2 million jobs in different economic sector. This industry capacity to put Americans in the payrolls of different companies can not be underestimated. It surpasses many other formal industries known for job creation in American economy. Almost all states in United States of America thousands of Americans receive their pay checks financed by hunting either directly or indirectly Personnel employed include: guides, accountants, hoteliers, sales people, agents, managers, coaches and many others This is an immense contribution coming from an industry that is not considered mainstream. It has a capacity to put many Americans in job just like manufacturing firms in Atlanta (Duffield, J. and C. Neher, 1990). Hunting as sporting activity provides a moment for people to exercise and flex their muscles. This ensures that this lot is physically fit . It provides a good moment to relax body and soul. This form of relaxation is vital for the nation. This may sound farfetched but on average people who engage in some body work up lead a healthy life which means they are highly productive in economics terms. On one side a healthy nation means government spends less to finance the healthcare, instead channeling the funds to other sectors such education and conservation of environment. On the other hand a healthy nation is highly productive meaning workers will spend maximum time generating income for their employers rather than spending time off duty either in hospital bed or at home recuperating from some ailment or conditions which can avoided if they engaged their body in exercises which hunting as a sport provide. Hunting also provides golden chance for the families to get away from their daily bustle and enjoy beautiful moments in ranches in far away places. This provides a good opportunity for family and friends to bond contributing to social cohesion . this creates harmony in a family and society at large minimizing conflict (http://www. sdgfp. info/wildlife/Economics/Huntingeconomics. htm ). This may not be quantified in monetary effect but it has a far reaching effect than any money can buy. Families which spend quality time together will have minimal conflict meaning children will be raised in an upright way contributing towards future progress of United States where on the other hand chances of divorce will be minimal meaning family will save for future investments instead of spending huge chunks of money filling for divorce and paying attorney fees. Hunting has stood the test of time it has survived for many years beating all the odds. As many sectors of economy are affected by various events hunting beats them it has survived recession wars and other calamities. This means that billions will still be made whether Americans are fighting in the Middle East or feeling the effects of September the 11th . Hunters will still venture in to the bush during these bad times to get away from hustle and bustle of life The ability of hunting to survive in all these years despite many problems that man has encountered shows that its future is still bright. It survived agrarian revolution and much later industrial revolution left it not bruised (Adams, J. 2000). Animal rights activists may argue that some species of animals are threatened with extinction but nature has a way of taking care of that in fact some types of deer are overpopulated making government look for ways to reduce their population. And what a better way than encouraging people who enjoying engaging in an activity that checks the population of the species. In mid western states deer and other game animals have been blame for most automobiles accidents along the highways so hunters do a good job when they take away an animal life ensuring the survival of that American who is over speeding on his way home. Since the population of deer and other animal is not in such big threat million of hunter will continue to venture in to the bush and doing what they know best ensuring that transport industry stays afloat ,children education will be financed and highways will be constructed. From the figures presented and statistics shown hunting benefits to the United States economy has just started, more is to on the way, advertising mogul would say ‘Americans watch this space! ’. Since hunting is a regulated activity, this means there are rules governing this activity to ensure there is discipline and order, more Americans who like engaging in legal activity will join in either to earn a livelihood from selling game meat and other animal products or to enjoy a sporting activity that has far reaching health benefits than one can ever imagine. The number of hunters will only rise to new high level leading to more manufacturers coming in to make hunting gear to meet the soaring demand ,more hotels come up to accommodate the higher number of hunters coming in to enjoy the loot Government has been the biggest beneficiary of the monies generated through the hunting activities. This is through the revenue collected, number of Americans supported by this industry and many other benefits. It truly realizes what can happen if hunting goes to the woods its revenue will be reduced, unemployment rates will rise some business will collapse and many other ugly effects that can lead to collapse of some of states economies. Through this backdrop it goes without saying that the government would do everything possible to ensure that the hunting industry boom is not curtailed. Though this industry does not need any government intervention, it is true to imagine that government can do everything possible to ensure that hunting industry is recognized as one of the sectors that drives the economy (Duffield, J. and C. Neher. 1990) All those people who benefit from the hunting dollars are advocates of this industry, their voices can drown the noises of the so called animal rights activist. Hunters are responsible people as they make sure they pay taxes which government uses to finance the conservation of environment and educating the masses on the importance of taking care of the environment to ensure man and animals live in a clean environment There are big ranches in different parts of American that entirely depends on hunting . Strict rules are observed to ensure the future of animals is guaranteed. For example different modes of protection of animals from illegal poaching are employed, this involves putting in place security measure that discourage poaching and other illegal activities. Closed hunting is employed restricting hunting of some animals at given period to allow breeding therefore ensuring survival of these species. Protection of deer and other animals from indiscriminate killing signifies that controlled or regulated hunting will survive many generation to come therefore future of hunting industry is not only bright but shining in the current generation and will illuminate the future economy of this great nation. Great leaders like George Washington embraced hunting as away of life therefore where our forefather have succeed nothing can pull us back (Duffield, J. and C. Neher. 1990)

Challenges In Human Resource Management Of 21st Century Business Essay

Challenges In Human Resource Management Of 21st Century Business Essay With the advent of the IT revolution all over the world and globalization being the new mantra across the corporate sector, the Human Resource Management practices and policies have undergone severe changes. The challenges that are faced by the HRM today are totally new to what has been few years ago. This paper highlights the importance of HRM in meeting the new challenges. Our paper focuses on these challenges that are impacting the organizations all over the world. Challenges: Setting the uniform culture across the organization which has expanded all over the world HRM in defining the career progression and development for its employees HRM in handling the gender diversity and cultural differences Addressing the issue of employee turnover HRM and its role in implementation of the strategy with respect to the vision and mission of the organization Setting the Right Culture With most of the companies raring to expand in the international market, it has become a tough task to set th e right culture within the organization. With the hiring of employees from the global workforce, there is always a threat of diffusion of cultures and thereby losing the homogeneity in the culture of the organization. The biggest challenge for an organization is preserving its culture or maintaining the right culture for the 21st century. Therefore Storey defines HRM with respect to this aspect as: â€Å"a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques†. (Deanne N.Den Hartog, 2004). According to the HRM specialists a combination of â€Å"High Performance work practices† and â€Å"High Involvement work practices† improve the performance of the organization. To determine the right mix of â€Å"High Performance Work Practices† and â€Å"High Involvement Work Pract ices† the focus model of the organizational structure can be used (Exhibit 1). Exhibit 1: FOCUS Model on Organizational Culture (Deanne N.Den Hartog, 2004) The above model divides the organizational culture into two dimensions. Dimension 1 is based on the organizational focus. It varies between extreme poles of Internal to External. In internal focus of organization the stress is laid on organization, its internal processes and people’s skill sets and attitudes etc. In external focus of the organization the emphasis is laid on the relation of the organization with the external environment. Dimension 2 focuses on the amount of flexibility and control within the organization. Based on the above dimensions four orientations of the organization can be determined. They are: Support Orientation: The concepts like co-operation, trust, cohesion amongst the group members and colleagues and growth of an individual are given the utmost importance. For such kind of orientation of o rganization high performance work practices which aim to the development of an individual are needed. Innovative: This kind of orientation is characterized by self-motivated, accepting and willingness to accept change, creativity, and risk taking kind of environment. From the management perspective it needs employees who are self-motivated, who are willing to lead, and highly flexible. Therefore the work practices should be structured which emphasize flexibility, empowerment and openness

Market government Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Market government - Article Example However the generally accepted view points out to the housing bubble to be the prime reason. It all started with the collapse of Lehman Brothers and quickly penetrated into the market causing turbulence and system crash. This recession did not take place as a result of a business cycle that generally affects each and every economy. A number of reasons underlie this particular case of financial crisis including that of the shocks arising in the general business cycles which has been instrumental in disrupting the labor market equilibrium in the United States. The entire issue of the financial crisis is to be reviewed from all the angles of economics including the neoclassical, mixed liberal and the radical points of view to have a perspective of the entire event. This paper will enlighten the various perspectives put forward by the different schools of thoughts and accordingly place their views in the following paragraphs. The Neo Classical economists base their theories on the microeconomic principles which include the optimization of the individuals and firms and to determine the equilibrium price and output in the economy using the market forces of demand and supply. The theory considers that the people make rational decisions based on the information that they have about the market. The neoclassical economists explain the fluctuations in the economies as a result of the upturn of the business cycles in the economy (Blanchard, 2000). The economic variables that generally behave in a particular fashion in order to result in a recession have behaved in a most unusual manner in case of this particular financial crisis. The level of consumption, output investment as well as the employment of labor was much low. By analysis of the economic variables it was found that the crisis of the present period is much more severe compared to that of the Great Depression of 1937 or any other recessions that have ta ken place in the world. The drop in the level of

A Modern View on the Kid's Complex Development Essay

A Modern View on the Kid's Complex Development - Essay Example There were constant queries made by parents regarding the ways of upbringing a child and knowledge which would contribute to and support the welfare of their children. These various demands made by the society to gain a comprehension regarding the development of children and different related aspects directed towards the need and the development of numerous theories related to this particular subject.The concept of research on the subject of child development is stated to be a current attempt. This attempt was not witnessed until the later phase of the nineteenth century and the initial phase of the twentieth century. However, the concepts and thoughts regarding the development and the transformation of children subsisted for centuries. These existing assumptions were pooled with the conducted researches which promoted the structure of theories related to development. A theory is stated to be an arranged, incorporated collection of declarations which explains, portrays and forecasts behaviors. The existence of theories is considered to be significant as they help in putting in order the structures associated with the development regarding children. To be specific, it provides a direction and implication to the made observations. The theories are believed to be confirmed with the help of researches which frequently provides a sound foundation towards realistic actions.There are believed to be three issues that are considered to be basic and regarding which majority of the existing theories take a stand. The first issue takes into concern that whether the process of development needs to be considered as continuous or discontinuous. The aspect of continuous development is stated to be a course which entails slow but sure contribution of similar kinds of abilities that existed since the beginning years. However, the course of discontinuous development entails fresh ways of comprehending and acting in response to the rest of the world. These ways have been observed to surface or come forward at particular instances. The second issue states that whether an individual process of development portrays all the children and whether there are other numerous probable processes. And the third issue deals with the fact that whether the hereditary or the environmental features are to be considered extremely significant in manipulating development. This has been referred to as the nature & nurture controversy. Nature implies to the natural biological characteristics. It signifies the inherited knowledge that is gained from the parents since birth. Nurture implies to the multifaceted energies related to the social as well as a physical world which manipulates the biological formation along with the psychological familiarities prior and subsequent to birth.

Website plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Website plan - Essay Example In fact, e-commerce is believed to the most important and attractive internet supported ideas appeared in the recent times. In this scenario, electronic commerce engages carrying out business over the web with the help of computers that are connected to each other in order to form a network. In simple words, ecommerce deals with selling and buying products and services and transferring funds by making use of digital communications (EcommerceEducation, 2007; Hendershot, 2013). In addition, both the trends e-commerce and e-business are used interchangeably. However, e-business is about the development of businesses which can be run on the Internet, or using Internet systems and technologies to enhance the profitability or productivity of a company. In other words, this term can be employed to explain some structure of electronic business: that is to say, a business that makes use of a computer. This practice is somewhat out-of-date, though, and in most of the cases e-business refers completely to an Internet based business. In this scenario, the most frequent use of this term is for demonstrating a business which offers and sells products and services online, an e-business allows a firm to get access to a huge customer base than some customary brick-and-mortar store could ever expect for. Additionally, e-commerce is believed to be a significant component of e-business. Moreover, e-business can as well make use of the Internet to obtain wholesale products o r supplies intended for in-house manufacturing. This side of e-business is occasionally recognized as online or e-procurement, as well as provides the businesses an excellent opportunity to reduce their costs radically. However, the majority of e-businesses that work without an electronic business platform at the present utilize e-procurement as a key mechanism to effectively track and run their purchasing (McGuigan, 2013). This report

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Case study - Essay Example This test is carried out to determine the contents of the milk that cause this kind of bleeding known as the blackout syndrome. There were various tests that were done on the two kinds of milk that were provided. They all have different objectives that will help in finding the cause of the black syndrome. The filter test is used to show the different type of microns that are contained in the middle; the Petri dish test is used to culture the milk for more studies; the atomic absorption flame photometer detects the presence and concentration of certain ions; the microscope test helps in the identification of the various shapes of the pathogens. The tests have different procedures, to culture the milk pathogens it is required to sterilize a nichrome loop, dip it into the liquid being tested and smear it across the agar in the petri dish. Repeat the same procedure on what is to be compared with and wait for the pathogens to culture. The atomic absorption flame photometer takes a certain procedure which as follows: prepare a solution of the substance to be tested, evaporate the solution to leave fine solid particles, burn the solid particles in the machine to produce a black strip with several distinct colors. To microscope test take the following procedure: take a small sample of the substance to be tested and add crystal violet to stain the cell, add iodine to fix the purple stain in some types of bacteria, wash everything in alcohol to decolorize the non-fixed bacteria, add a red counterstain and prepare the sample for viewing. The filtration test requires one to pour the substance to be tested into the machine and turn it on and wait for the wait for the machine to categorize the components of the test substance. The filter divides the components of the milk into three categories which shows the presence of different types of microns in the milk. Burning samples of the test product in the atomic absorption flame photometer shows a black strip with several disti nct colors. The petri dish test shows culturing in the milk sample in the dish. The microscope test helps to identify the shapes of the different types of bacterium in the milk. The filtration test shows the presence of fungi indicated by part of the milk that did not go into the 10 micron ending up in the F-100 bottle, the presence of bacteria indicated by the part of milk that has not gone through the half micron filter ending up in the F-five bottle. The culturing of pathogens in the petri dish indicates the presence of bacterium in the milk sample as indicated by the white pathogen growing in sample milk A. The different shapes of bacteria shown through the microscope show the types of bacterium in the milk (gram positive or gram negative) and their various colors. The results from the atomic absorption photometer indicate no poison in the milk since the readouts do not indicate anything out of normal. The filtration process indicates the different types of pathogens in the milk with regard to their sizes. The presence of the sample milk in bottle F100 indicate the presence of fungi while the presence of part of the sample milk in bottle F5 indicates the presence of bacteria and the presence of sample milk in bottle F0 indicates presence of viruses and chemicals in the milk. The identical coloration of the black strip in the flame photometer

The Miller's Tale From Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer Essay

The Miller's Tale From Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer - Essay Example George Saintsbury has rightly pointed out that â€Å"we perceive in the Canterbury Tales the completion of his command of verse† (George, 129). All the characters in the poem are individuals, reflecting the men and manners of the people of Chaucer’s time. His realistic vision embraces all, rich and poor, bringing out their inmost qualities through careful external descriptions. In this paper I have done an analysis of the â€Å"Miller’s Tale†, examining all the characters in it in order to see Chaucer’s attitude to love and sex. Miller is a down-to-earth man. When the Knight completed his story the Monk wanted to tell his story. But the Miller would not allow him. The host at the inn had doubts about Miller’s skill in narrating a story, and it was also not proper to give Miller the next chance after a Knight who holds respectable place in his society had just finished his noble story. The Miller was badly drunk too. He insisted that he must tell his story. I think here Chaucer cleverly manipulates the plot to escape from the moral responsibility of inserting a bawdy story immediately after narrating one which deals with courtly love. Chaucer is, however, praised for his realistic approach to literature. He believes that all should be given equal place in life and the success of the story lies in variety and contrast, be it moral and immoral. The best narrative devices are, he knows, humor and contrast. Hence, the Miller gets his chance immediately after the Knight. Chaucer is also able to use Miller to challenge the conventions deciding values in life or literature. Therefore, the study of Chaucer’s approach to love and lust reflected through the Miller’s story becomes significant. Though the Miller’s tale looks like a parody to the story narrated by the Knight, it deals with the serious subjects like marriage, love, and sexual relationships. I think Chaucer likes Alison

The movie the eternal jew Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The movie the eternal jew - Essay Example The Jews of Poland are said to be aliens, living in a foreign land, yet having managed to control the people in the social, political and economic dimensions (Haggith 2005). These Jews people have effective managed to create the industries of commerce and the lager banking sector in Poland, yet they are still living like animals. They do not show any proper plan of managing their lives in a manner that is pleasing, something that makes the natives wonder their way of life and actual mission in their foreign land. In as much as these people can sometimes be unquestionably vicious, many can acknowledge that by far, in reference to the standards of the contemporary world, it is actually transparent and crude in all angles. The director of the movie effectively illustrates the ratlike behavior and actions of the Jews of Poland, while at the same time, he openly shows that footage of actual rats squirming and moving from sewers and dirt to the front of the camera. This is done intentionally in order to make a comparison of the actions of these Jews, and link it directly to the lives of the rats, which is not any different from these people. In the movie, many things are happening that makes the natives to wonder the motives that the Jews of Poland seem to be operating under. One of the scenes that is most shocking involves the slaughtering of a cow, which is illustrated in a very bloody and horrific detail. This is done by one of the Rabbis, who is seen grinning (Schwartz 2012). This event if subsequently succeeded by among many things three innocent lands, presumably of German origin nuzzling each other. These scenes are not the only ones that indicate the perverse nature of the Jews people. Many scenes still exist, indicating the actual propagandists apart from the Jews. In essence, the Movie is about a people that cannot be effectively understood as to why they seem to live dilapidated lives yet they

Education in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Education in Pakistan Essay President Asif Ali Zardari signed ‘The Right to Free and Compulsory Education Bill 2012’ into law. The bill, which sought to ensure all children between five to 1 6 years of age are provided free education. He urged provincial governments to promulgate similar legislations in their respective assemblies as well. He said the responsibility for providing free education rests with both federal and provincial governments, referring to article 25-A of the Constitution. The article 25-A of Constitution of Pakistan obligates the state to provide free and compulsory quality education to children of the age group 5 to 16 years. The federal government will now provide free textbooks and uniform s to children and ensure schools have qualified teachers. Free pre-school education, early childhood care and free medical and dental inspection will also be provided to all citizens and no child will be subjected to corporal punishment â€Å"Under the law, private schools will be required to provide free education to disadvantaged students, who will comprise 10% of each class,† Zardari said, adding that school management committees will be established to persuade parents into sending their children to schools. â€Å"We will honor our international commitments and achieve the targets set by the Education for All and Millennium Development Goals initiatives. National Educational Policy 2009 Under the 18th constitutional amendment control and management of the education sector has been devolved to the provinces. They are now responsible for the key areas of the education sector i.e. curriculum and syllabus, centers of excellence, standards of education up to intermediate level (Grade 12) and Islamic education. Planning and policy and standards of education beyond Grade 12 are covered under Federal Legislative List. All the provinces have shown their commitment to the National Education Policy 2009. The National Educational Policy (NEP) 2009 is a milestone which aims to address a number of issues including: * Quality and quantity in schools and college education * Universal primary education * Improved Early Children Education (ECE) * Improved facilities in primary schools * Converting primary schools to elementary schools * Detaching classes XI-XII from college education * Adopting a comprehensive definition of ‘free ‘education * Achieving regional and gender parity especially at elementary level the share of resources for education in both public and private sectors Accordingto the latest Pakistan Social and Living StandardsMeasurement (PSLM) Survey 2010-11, the literacyrate for the population (10 years and above) is 58percent during 2010-11,

The Effect of Sleep on Memory

The Effect of Sleep on Memory Human tend to forget things. Hermann Ebbinghaus is one of the psychologist to study the topic of forgetting. Forget is a gift to the human because if human remember every single event and phenomena that occurs in the daily life, they will suffer a lot. They will remember the feeling of pain and sadness of losing someone who is important to them forever. Forgetting does not mean that the information stored in the long term memory is being deleted or removed. Instead, forgetting means a failure in memory retrieval (Cherry, 2014). This can be seen commonly among the students when they are sitting the examination. Tip-of-the-tongue explains this situation well. Tip-of-the-tongue is a feeling that a person knows something, but the person cannot retrieve it (Margaret Matlin, 2005). Memories are stored in a brain region called hippocampus (Miller, 2010). Lack of sleep will affect the proper function of hippocampus. (Contie Wein, 2013). Memories are formed when the nerve cells in the brain are reinforced. Memory also includes the three stages which are encoding, storage and retrieval. The encoding stage is the process of convert the information received into a usable form. After the information is being encoded, the information will be stored in the brain for future use. However, the stored memory stays outside the conscious awareness. When a person wants to use the information and try to retrieve it from the stored memory, this process will occur under conscious awareness (Cherry, 2014). There are different stages of sleep which include rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep, non-rapid eye movement sleep (nREM) which consists of stage one sleep, stage two sleep, stage three sleep and stage four sleep. When a person sleeps, they will start off with nREM sleep follow by REM sleep. Hence, during the sleep process, the body will encounter a cycle of REM sleep and nREM sleep (WebMD, 2014). During nREM sleep, the body will utilize this time to reproduce and rebuild tissues, bones and muscles. Besides that, immune system in the body is also enhanced during this time. Stage one and two in nREM sleep are also called as light sleep while stage three and four are also called as deep sleep (WebMD, 2014). Dreams occur during the REM sleep. This is due to the high activities that occur during the REM sleep and the brain wave patterns observed during REM sleep is similar to the brain wave patterns observed during wakefulness. REM sleep is described as rapid eye movement sleep because during this stage of sleep, human’s eyes move rapidly to different directions. REM sleep is described as a stage of sleep that composed of the combination of brain excitement and muscle immobility. However, REM sleep only accounts for a short period of time in the sleeping process which accounts for twenty percent in sleeping among adults and fifty percent among infants (WebMD, 2014). Sleep plays an essential role in memory, both before and after learning a new task. Besides that, sleep also affects a person’s mood, emotion, motivation and judgment. Sufficient of sleeping hours can help a person to focus attention and thus receive information in a more efficient way. After people sleep, the sleeping process helps to reinforce what people learn during the day. (Harvard Medical School, 2007). This is because study shows that when a person is using the right brain to do task during his or her wakefulness, the slow waves at right brain become larger show that the right brain are exhausted by the task being performed. Interestingly, the brain also will shut down parts of its neurons. This phenomenon is known as local sleep. Besides that, sleep also helps one to link the new memories with the old ones. When people sleep, the brain will review the memories and decide which memory needs to be strengthened. If people do not sleep, their ability to learn new things will drop by up to forty percent ( Contie Wein, 2013). However, different stages of sleep help in different type of memories. Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) plays a critical role in emotional memory (Contie, 2013). Research also shows that after REM sleep, a person can recognize the emotional picture better compared to the neutral ones. Hence, REM sleep helps in reinforcing the emotional content in the memory ( Born, Diekelmann, Groch Willhelm, 2013). Hence, when one spends more time in REM sleep, one can overcome the painful memories in their life. This is because during the REM sleep, the stress chemistry will be suppressed such as the norepinephrine. Then, the brain will process the emotional memories and remove the difficult and painful memories. Experiment shows that when the participants having a full night of sleep after view emotional images, the magnetic resonance image (MRI) shows that there is a great reduction of reactivity in amygdala. Amygdala is a region in the brain that involves in anger and fear. Hence, this allows the forebrain to have a control in a person’s emotions (Walker, 2011 as cited in Anwar, 2011). Furthermore, a physician at a United States Department of Veteran Affairs hospital in the Seattle also discover that by prescribing drugs that can decrease the blood pressure of patients can help in preventing the occurrence of nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder patients. This is because drugs that can decrease the blood pressure of patients will suppress the level of neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain. Therefore, by possessing sufficient amount of REM sleep, PTSD patients can decrease the occurrence of nightmares during the night and have a greater quality of sleep because there is a decrease level of neurotransmitter norepinephrine (Anwar, 2011). Furthermore, research also shows that sleep deprivation can cause psychiatric disorder such as depression and anxiety disorders. Experiments that are carried in this research also show that when normal people are deprived of sleep, the brain wave patterns will look like the pathological psychiatric patterns. Functional magnetic resonance image ( fMRI ) also shows that  participants who do not experience a night of sleep are having a greater reactivity compared to those participants who experience a night of sleep. Hence, this also means that amygdala is active when a person is lack of sleep. This will cause those participants who are lack of sleep to show higher emotion intensity (Walker, 2007 as cited in Anwar, 2007). This is because high activity in amygdala is observed when a person is lack of sleep. This will cause the amygdala to lose connection with the front brain. The connection plays an important role because the front brain is responsible for rational reasoning and releases neurochemicals that can calm down a person when a person is in a nervous state. Instead, when a person is lack of sleep, amygdala will connect to the brain region of local coeruleus instead, which will cause the release of noradrenaline (Walker, 2007 as cited in Anwar, 2007). Furthermore, there is also experiment that has been carried out to see the effect of variables: sleep and memory on mental disorder. Result shows that major depression patients who have divorced experience deteriorated depression when they do not dream about their ex-spouse. Since lack of sleep has a bad effect on mental disorder, intervention such as promotion of good sleep can treat mental disorder such as depression, anxiety disorder and PTSD. This is because sleep helps in consolidating the memory. Therefore, therapist can utilize this finding in the psychotherapy. Therapist can promote and encourage patients to sleep after receive treatment or psychotherapy. This is because during the sleeping process, patients can reinforce and integrate the therapy content. Thus, this can help the patients to rebuild healthy thoughts in themselves. Besides that, slow wave sleep also plays an important role in reinforcing the episodic memory that is stored in the hippocampus and transform them into long term memories ( Born Inostroza, 2013). Episodic memory is a long term memory about specific events, situations and experiences (Cherry, 2014). Furthermore, when people are getting sufficient of sleep, it also helps in the strengthening of motor memory. Different brain scans magnetoencephalography (MEG) and polysomnography (PSG) are being used in the research to trace the brain activity in the brain. Changes in fast sigma and delta brain waves are observed in the motor area of the brain explain the improvement in motor skills after a period of sleep. Participants who have slept after learning a motor task have a higher accuracy in performing the motor tasks. Motor learning can be strengthened during the sleeping process because more brain energy is available ( Tamaki, 2013 as cited in Grohol Wood, 2013). Moreover, sleep also helps in converting short term memory into long term memory. Experiment is carried out by using genetically modified fruit flies. In the experiment, scientists modify some male fruit flies to smell like female fruit flies. After that, scientists expose the male fruit flies to the â€Å" fake† female fruit flies. After a few times of unsuccessful tryout to approach the ‘fake’ female fruit flies, male fruit flies know the fact that those ‘fake’ female fruit flies are not female fruit flies. After that, the experimenter makes some fruit flies to sleep. Results show that after the fruit flies sleep, they able to retain the information about the ‘fake’ fruit flies for several days compared to those fruit flies have not slept. Fruit flies have not slept only can retain the information for a few hours (Breus, 2011). Besides that, research also shows that REM sleep plays a role in enhancing creativity. The ability to think creatively relies on the process of schema disintegration. Schema disintegration is the highest level of memory change which involves the process of disintegration of existing schemas. This will allow ‘outside the box’ thinking. Experiment finds out that participants who have experience REM sleep can find words to produce meanings in three unrelated words such as dream, day and light. From the experiment as described above, scientists also find out that the process of information learning leads to the formation of synapses in the brain. Synapses communicate the information that has learned inside the brain. However, study also shows that during the sleeping process, the connection of nerve cells in our brain actually weakens. This phenomenon is known as the synaptic homeostasis (Cirelli Tononi, 2012). This is actually a shocking fact because all of the mean time people tend to think that during the sleeping process, the nerve cells in the brain are strengthened to reinforce the memory and the things that people have learned during the daytime. This is because formation and strengthening of synapses in the brain consumes energy. If synapses are being reinforced during the day and night time, the brain will run out of energy eventually. Inside the brain, spontaneous firing of neurons which means that unimportant connection of neurons will be weakened or removed to allow the connection between important memory remain intact. In other words, this means that the brain has the ability to differentiate between irrelevant information and significant information. Then, the brain will weaken the synapses that link irrelevant information and preserve the synapses that link significant information. By doing this way, the brain can save more energy and preserve it for the next section of learning after one awakes. This phenomenon also explains the reason that all the organisms need sleep.